Smoking in Public Banned or Allowed - 885 Words

and The question is why the freedom to smoke in a designated area in public places a problem. If you are outside are in close area people are still exposed to the fumes of second hand smoke. Can the option of smoking be left up to the public rather or not an individual should smoke in public. Where does the line end in the rights of a person the right to inhale clean air, the right to excise your right to smoke in public? Non-Smokers have the right to smoke free clean air environment, and smokers have a personal right to smoke in designated smoking areas. In this research paper I will talk about the controversy issue of second-hand smoke in public places and the privilege to smoke in public. A little information about how cigarettes†¦show more content†¦The author in the article Good Anthropological Reasons for Unsettling the Public Health Grip stated that the banning of smoking in public place has decline immensely (Dennis, 2013). Smoking is a personal choice but the non smoker has a choice to rather to inhale second hand smoke. The smokers who choose to bring harm to themselves have the right to damage their health if they choose. The alternatives non smokers have are to not be in presence of smokers. Where public places advertise no smoking, and still supple designated areas for smokers they should still take in account that the smoke still ventilates the surrounding areas. My advice is not to engage where there is no smoking, and smoking areas. The fumes from the non smoking area cannot be contained completely. If you don’t want to stop passive don’t attend these public places. The article on line indicated if there was enough non-smokers going to these public facilities there would be no need to post no smoking () . When the medical associate researches the health ethnics of smoking they should have research tobacco is legal substance, people have a choice. The banning of smoking in public place only forces the people to smoke in the privacy of their homes even more. This will affect most eating and drinking establishments financially. The government will stand by these laws for banning smoking but do they stand by the taxes that are made for the selling ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Why I Support Banning Smoking in Public Places567 Words   |  3 Pagescigarettes in any of their offices. Most governments have banned smoking in all public places. Based on personal experience, personality style and emotional concern, we find that some hold the notion that smoking in public places should be banned. Meanwhile, others want to be as free as possible and do as they please, as long as their actions do not violate the rights of others. From my point of view, it is more sensible to ban smoking in public places rather than allow second-hand smoke to continueRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbreak. Even though people are well equipped with the knowledge of how unhealthy smoking can be and what can it causes to their hearts and lungs, they still choose to smoke. Nowadays smoking becomes a trend like a social media, and especially teenagers, are participating in this as well. Although smoking makes you a person feel relaxed from the stress, it harms the body of the smokers in the long run. We have known that smoking can kill us from past 50-60 years, and according to the World Health OrganizationRead MoreThe Negative Consequences Of Public Smoking1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Consequences of Public Smoking Smoking is known to be one of the most dangerous medicine and can come with some seriously negative to one’s lungs. Research studies have shown that second- hand smoking can be equally as bad. According to the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, â€Å"2.5 million adults who were nonsmokers died because they breathed secondhand smoke† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). To those who own restaurants, oversee public places, and others in charge of entertainmentRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1137 Words   |  5 PagesBiology 101 Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned? Should there be a ban on cigarette smoking in the United States? Since cigarettes were introduced to Americans, questions have been raised concerning the legality of smoking and if it should be allowed everyone, in public places, or not at all. Recently, with the increase knowledge in cost and healthcare, the controversy with cigarette smoking has significantly risen. Across the country, states have banned smoking in public areas and inside buildingsRead MoreThe Debate Over Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay607 Words   |  3 PagesThe Debate Over Banning Smoking in Public Places In my opinion I think smoking should banned from public places. My reasons for this are; People who smoke should be considerate of that fact that not only are they damaging their own existing health but also they are harming the others around them who are only breathing in the tobacco smoke. During the past ten years of tests, experiments etc. on the effect of smoking both directly and passive, there is now enoughRead MoreBans on Smoking in Public Areas1476 Words   |  6 Pagesyou get the number of people that die because of smoking each year! Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Each year more than 480,000 people die because of smoking. This is just one of the many reasons why I believe that cigarette smoking should be banned in public areas. I will argue this point in three ways. First, I will argue that the health effects of smoking are so harmful that cigarettes should not be allowed in public areas. Next, I will argue that the negative effectsRead MoreThe Production of Cigarettes Should Be Banned Across the U.S1132 Words   |  5 PagesOne thing I hate is when someone is walking in front of me smoking a cigarette and next thing you know, BOOM the cigarette smoke comes right to my face! If you are that smoker it created many health problems and chances are you have to take many medications every morning b efore your day begins, does it become annoying? Smoking is an activity that has been around for many years, it helps reduce the stresses of life and put people in a comfortable position that enables them to cope with the hecticRead MoreWhy Smoking Should Be Banned884 Words   |  4 PagesParagraph A. Every wonder why people smoke? Is smoking really healthy for them? How much does it cost an individual to smoke? What are the costs to society when people smoke? These are all questions that can easily be taken care of by banning cigarette smoking. It is really a disgusting sight to see a woman with a cigarette hanging out of her mouth. It is equally bad to see children with smoking cigarettes. B. Cigarette smoking should be banned, not only in restaurants but everywhere. When someoneRead MoreBanning Tobacco Advertising Ban On The Public Health Of Their People976 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco companies from displaying any source of advertising or sponsoring any public events. The advertising ban took effect from May 1, 2004. In October 2, 2005, the Government of India prohibited any new programs or movies from showing any actors or actresses smoking as it glorifies smoking and sends a bad message to its viewers. According to a CNN article written by Leo Juarez, some actors seem to support the smoking censorship but some film directors seem concerned that the ban might lead to otherRead More America Needs a Complete Smoking Ban Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesunwillingly exposed to parental secondhand smoke in public, in cars, and at home. When children are exposed to secondhand smoke, many develop life threatening diseases later in life as a result of that exposure. In the United States, smoking should be banned while in the presence of children. Children’s lungs are vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke, and this can cause serious problems down the road. Some states have already banned smoking in public and others are in the process. Secondhand smoke

Ftm 460 Exam3 Study Guide Free Essays

FTM 460 Exam 3 Review (Chapters 10-13) 33 Multiple Choice Questions (3 points each). The majority of test questions come from Chapter 10 Chapter 13. The least from Chapter 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Ftm 460 Exam3 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter 10: The concept of measurement * Be able to recognize the 4 types of measurement scales: CHART 10. 4 in chapter ten slide six * Nominal: Scales that partition data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories. Ordinal: Scales that maintain the labeling characteristics of nominal scales and have the ability to order data * Interval: Scales that have the characteristics of ordinal scales, plus equal intervals between points to show relative amounts; they may include an arbitrary zero point. * Ratio: Scales that have characteristics of interval scales, plus a meaningful zero point so that magnitudes can be compared arithmetically. * Define: Scale reliability: Degree to which measures are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data. The extent to which the survey responses are internally consistent. Cronbach’s alpha: Test-retest reliability: The ability of the same instrument to produce consistent results when used a second time under conditions as similar as possible to the original conditions. * Be familiar with the steps in the measurement development process (McDaniel’s diagram) Slide 3 CH 10. * Know the difference between a constitutive and operational definition of a given construct. Slide 4) * Constitutive: ambiguity is a direct function of the discrepancy between the information available to the person and that which is required for adequate performance of a role. It is the difference between a person’s actual state of knowledge and the knowledge that provides adequate satisfaction of that person’s personal needs and values. * Operational: Role ambiguity is the amount of uncertainty (ranging from very uncertain to very certain on a five-point scale) an individual feels regardi ng job role responsibilities and expectations from other employees and customers. Be able to distinguish between convergent vs. discriminant validity. * Convergent: The degree of correlation among different measures that purport to measure the same construct. * Discriminate: The measure of the lack of association among constructs that are supposed to be different. Chapter 11: Using measurement scales to build marketing effectiveness * Define: Semantic differential scale (10) , Likert scale–be able to recognize examples of each (12) Agree, Somewhat Agree, Somewhat disagree, Disagree. Chapter 12: Questionnaire design * Know the differences between the following types of question formats: * open-ended: Questions to which the respondent replies in his or her own words. * Probed vs Un-probed * closed-ended: Questions requiring respondents to choose from a list of answers * Dichotomous: Choice between two answers * Multiple Choice * Scaled Responses * What are the reasons for using screening: to identify qualifies respondents and probing questions? When do we use branching? * Understand sequencing rules for laying out questions in a survey (i. e. , general questions first). Slide 16 * Screeners, Warm-up (Easy to answer questions show the respondent that the survey is simple), Transitions (Questions related to research objectives require slightly more effort), Difficult Complicated (The respondents has committed to completing the questionnaire), Classifying and demographic. Chapter 13: Basic sampling issues * Know the difference between a Probability: Everyone in the population has a known, nonzero, likelihood of selection (Simple random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster) * Non-probability: Samples in which specific elements from the population have been selected in a nonrandom manner. (Convenience, Snowball, Judgment, Quota) * Know the difference between a sample and a population. (Population is the entire group of people about whom information needed; also called the universe or population of interest. ) * Define: simple random sample: A sample selected by assigning a number to every element of the population and then using some method for randomly selecting elements to be in the sample such as random digit dialing * systematic random sample: A sample in which the entire population is numbered and elements are selected using a skip interval (every Nth name is selected * stratified random sample: A sample that is forced to be more representative through simple random sampling of mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets either proportionally or disproportionally. Good for data that are not normally distributed. * Convenience sample: A sample based on using people who are easily accessible – such as mall intercepts or other high traffic locations. * Sampling error: Error that occurs because the sample selected is not perfectly representative of the population. * Be familiar with the McDaniel’s stages of a sampling plan * Define the target Population- Determine the characteristics of those you are interested in studying. Determine which group of people or entities about which you want to learn more. * Choose the Data Collection Method- Determine how you collect the sample – such as mail, Internet, telephone, mall intercept, ect. * Select the Sample Frame- A list of population elements from which units to be sampled can be selected. * Obtain the Sample- Determine how you will get the sample list through probability or non-probability methods. * Determine Sample Size * Select Sample Units * Conduct Fieldwork How to cite Ftm 460 Exam3 Study Guide, Essay examples

Marketing Fundamentals Marketing Macro Models

Question: Describe about the Marketing Fundamentals for Marketing Macro Models. Answer: Introduction This report has been highlighted the concept of marketing fundamentals. In this context, Australian gym wear manufacturing company has been considered. This study has discussed the marketing macro models as well as the opportunities and the threats of the mentioned companies have been described. In order to identify the involvement level, it is necessary to understand the consumer audit's performance. Hence, this study has analysed the consumer decision making procedure. In addition, to understand the study, the positioning map is playing an important role. Therefore, in this report, the performance of Australian gym wear manufacturing company such as Reebok has been taken. On the other hand, in order to understand the performance of this company, the performance of other two gym wear manufacturing companies such as Pacific brands and Rip curl has been mentioned. Situation analysis Industry (Company) Reebok international Ltd. is familiar for the athletic and gym wear manufacturing company. In the year of 2005, Reebok has planned to opening up of new manufacturing organisation in Australia. With the increasing of time, the business of this company has been growing. By the year of 2010-2011, this company has been selling approximately 125000 gym wear jerseys. Reebok has been generating as the supplementary of Adidas (Baines, Fill and Page 2013). Size From the income statement of this mentioned company, it can be observed that total sales has been increasing over the time. Revenue of this company has also been increased whereas net income has been decreased from the year of 2013 to 2015. In addition, the amount of total current assets obtained by the company has been decreasing with the rise of time. The amount of current asset was 59.12 while the amount was 56.19 at the end of 2015 (Brunswick, 2014). Growth In order to discuss the growth of Reebok, it can be observed that the percentage of revenue has been significantly increased from 8.74% in 2013 to 9.81% in 2015. On the contrary, the percentage of net operating income has been decreased from 9.39% to 4.12% from 2013 to 2015 (Newton et al. 2013). In this essence, the percentage of net income obtained by this definite company has also been decreased from 11.23% to 4.97%. Industry trends According to Cannon and Yaprak (2014), it can be observed that the demand for the gym wear equipments has been increasing in Australia day by day. In this purpose, it can be stated that most of the people are conscious about their health and want to go to gym. Therefore, the purchase of gym apparel has been rising. Hence, it can conclude that the trend of this industry has been developing over time (Chan, Kwong and Hu 2012). Competition Major competitors Two competitors of Reebok in Australia are such as Pacific brands and Rip Curl. Pacific brands was originated in Melbourne, Australia. It specialised in the production of Athletic boots for Men (Chan, Kwong and Hu 2012). The materials they used is rubber for the manufacturing of rubber boots. On the other hand, Rip curl is also known as the Australian sports shoes manufacturer organisation. These shoes are also used as the gym accessories. Pacific brands: Strengths Weakness Environment soothing items Greater amount of burden of debt Aimed to the equipments differentiation Poor cost structure Brand name Work incompetence Manufacture different products Poor revenue Rip curl: Strengths Weakness Consider the monetary assistance Unable to estimate the future debt Appreciable profitability as well as revenue Poor tax structure Barriers to the enter in the market Lower rate of productivity Labour cost reduction Small business activity Market shares Figure 1: Market share of Reebok in Australian market (Source: Chen and Bell 2012) From the above figure it can be seen that the market share of Reebok within the industry is highest compared to the other manufacturing companies. Strategic models Pacific brands: Ansoff matrix Market penetration Rubber made of athletic shoes for males Product development Planned to manufacture other gym apparels Market development Planned to open a new branch in China Diversification This specific company focused to move to China with the production of new items (Chon 2013). BCG matrix Cash cows Focus to enhance the inflow of money Stars Aimed to maintain the at least one star in their business Question marks Transfer the predicted star to the profitability statement of the company Dogs Aimed to the production of new items and value the products (Chon 2013). Rip Curl: Ansoff matrix Market penetration Specialisation sports shoes manufacturing Product development Other gym wears Market development Planned to open in New Zealand Diversification Opening of new store in New Zealand with the production of other gym apparels (Chen and Bell 2012). BCG matrix Cash cows Focused to maintain the overall sales volume or the market share Stars Always tried to develop or raise the share of the market Question marks Adopt of new strategies Dogs Manufacture new products (Cross, Belich, and Rudelius 2015) Customer Buyers choice depend upon the individual taste and preferences. In addition, Newton et al. (2013) added that the consumer decision making procedure is necessary to estimate in this scenario. Decision making process High involvement Low involvement Track pant, Shorts for the men etc Explore more different types of Gym shoes The above table depicted that the customers of Reebok are willing to get track pants and shorts. Customer audit In the words of Dowell et al. (2012), customer audit is based upon the review of the consumers. In addition, it can be already observed that Reebok has the specialisation in the production of gym track pant and shorts for male. This company always tried to maintain the quality in their manufactured products. As a result, it can be stated among the total market share in Australia, Reebok obtained the higher market share. Explanation of the audit As it can be observed that the income statement and the operating net income has been decreasing from the past years in the current years. Hong (2012) mentioned that as this company has acquired a greater in the industry, therefore, it can be predicted that there is a possibility of Reebok to overcome this situation. As a result, the company can earn higher profitability in the next years. Climate Political As per the statement of Jones (2012), it can be seen that government of Australia imposes tax and intervene in the business procedure of the manufacturing company. This will hamper the decision making process of the companies. In this occasion, it can suggest that sometimes it is not necessary to allow for export of the produced equipments. It will effectively decrease the total sales of the company. Economic The economic equipments can influence the production of the gym wears as well as the purchasing power of the company. Ko et al. (2012) stated that increase in the purchasing power will effectively raise the spending. Social Based on the taste, preferences and choices of the several customers, it can be mentioned that sales of the manufactured products can be fluctuated. As per the requirement of the consumers such as for the track pants or shorts, production of the company will depend. Technological According to Malhotra (2012), the adaption of technology has a positive impact on the rise of the production as well as the total sales of the gym wear production. In turn, this will enhance the price of the items. Nevertheless, the quality of the product will significantly increase (Cannon and Yaprak 2014). Demographic As per the demographic demand, Reebok aimed to manufacture differentiated products. This will reflect to produce several types of gym wears based on the preference level of the customers (Morritt and Weinstein 2012). Natural In this purpose, it can be stated that different harmful gases, which emit due to the production procedure, may hamper the health condition of the workers. This in turn decreases the overall production of the company. Opportunities and threats Opportunities Threats According to Muhamad, Melewar and Faridah Syed Alwi (2012), the opportunities of Reebok can be discussed that this company acquired a larger share in the market of Australia compared to the other company. Okazaki (2012) criticised that the financial statement and the profitability statement has been decreased with the increase of time. Therefore, the growth rate of this company has been decreased as well. Collaborators Intermediaries In this context, it can be mentioned that in case of the manufacturing process of gym wears, the organisation has different intermediaries and raw materials (Palmer 2012). After the production, Reebok requires to pass through different steps, where the raw materials have perform the necessary steps. This will helpful to transfer the manufactured products to the target consumers. Suppliers The suppliers of the company are assumed as the raw materials providers, distributors etc. Sanchez-Hernandez et al. (2013) opined that they are the wholesalers or the retailers of the organisation. In order to complete the overall steps of the manufacturing or the production, these suppliers used to play an important role. Segmentation Figure 2: Market segmentation (Source: Sharma and Lambert 2013) From the above figure it can be observed there are different process, which is beneficial to divide the greater size of industry into the comparatively smaller segments. Each of the following process is necessary to yield different data for the sake of the target market. Demographic This stage is constructed based on the equipments such as occupation, age, gender, standard of living and the income level. Therefore, Palmer (2012) cited that demographic segmentation is important to identify the demand of the different age groups. In addition, it also can assumed that higher the income level of the buyers, larger will the price of the manufactured items. Geographic This type of segmentation is depend upon the taste and preferences of the different geographical region. This is helpful to determine the requirements of the consumers and the business will successful (Okazaki 2012). Psychographic as per this type of market segmentation, the business is aimed to the lifestyle of the customers. Hence, the willingness of the consumers can be evaluated. Behaviour Morritt and Weinstein (2012) mentioned that according to behavioural segmentation, the knowledge, loyalty of the consumers are important to determine the frequency of the usage of the products. Target markets Depending upon the above four discussed segmentation, the geographic and the demographic segmentation are concluded in this report. Therefore, it is relatively easier to consider the regional and the cultural disparities around Australia. Primary/ secondary target markets In the points of Jones (2012), in order to identify the business performance of Reebok international ltd in Australia, it is necessary to recognise the primary as well as secondary target market. With the help of this, the company identified that there is a higher requirement for the products of Gym tracks and shorts. After the secondary segmentation, it can be seen that with the rise in time, the requirement for the gym apparels have been increased as most of the people are now concerned about their body fitness. Strategic chosen for different segments As per the statement of Hong (2012), market segmentation is beneficial to estimate the disparities and the similarities among the consumers of several regions. This will lead to the company to understand the choices of the buyers. The demographic segmentation can estimate the benefits of the availing of the manufactured items. In this respect, the business to business technique can be adapted. On the other hand, the psychographic segmentation can measure the interest of the consumers for the products. Again, behavioural segment can differentiated the consumers between some groups based on the knowledge or the usage rate. According to Dowell et al. (2012), market segmentation is beneficial to estimate the advantage of the gym wears production. In this connection, it can be said that with the rise of focus on Reebok, the return from the business will be greater. As a result, the competition will also increase. The brand loyalty, market share will effectively increase. Positioning map Figure 3: Positioning map (Source: Jones 2012) The above figure such as the positioning map has been framed based on the business performance of Reebok. Moreover, it is beneficial to identify the competitive advantage of the mentioned company. The above figure shows that Reebok aimed to the several income group consumers and their standard of living. This concludes that Reebok is highly interested to the capacity of the consumers. In this respect, Hong (2012) opined that most of the gym wears manufacturing companies set out their prices in order to achieve higher profitability and can survive within the industry. Hence, Reebok target to fixed affordable prices of the products. Instead of this, Reebok also maintain good quality of products in their items. This will reflect to maintain a long term relationship with their customers. Therefore, the business will be significant. Conclusion The overall report is beneficial to develop the market situation of gym wears manufacturing in Australia. This study has been developed the company size, company growth and financial position of the mentioned company. In this occasion, after the observation, it can be seen that the revenue earned by the company is appreciable whereas the net operating income and the net income has been decreased over time. However, it can be predicted that there is a potential to improve their income statement. On the other hand, with the comparison of other manufacturing companies, the financial statement of Reebok is higher and the market share of this company is at good position among the industry. In addition, this study is beneficial to estimate the market segment. In this purpose, this study has mentioned several steps of this market segmentation. It can be observed that the steps are such as demographical, behavioural, geographical and psychographic segments. In this relation, this study has developed the definite marketing strategy, which has been followed by Reebok international Ltd. Recommendations After the overall analysis, Reebok is at better position compared to the other companies within Australia. As it can be seen that the profitability statement of this company has been falling over time, therefore, the company can follow some different business strategy. This will be helpful to maintain the number one position in the market and grow within the industry significantly. In this respect, the company can appoint some business expertise, who can guide to the organisation to improve. In addition, the manager can develop a waste management framework. On the other hand, to increase the business, it is necessary to invest a higher amount in the business by Reebok ltd. As the workers are a part of this business, therefore, it is required to provide higher salary that they would not like to switch to the other companies. Lastly, it is necessary to perform to the management effectively that they can supervise their worker's performance optimally. As a result, the business will be successful within the similar industry. References Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K., 2013. Essentials of marketing. Oxford University Press. Brunswick, G.J., 2014. A chronology of the definition of marketing. Journal of Business Economics Research (Online), 12(2), p.105. Cannon, H.M. and Yaprak, A., 2014. Cosmopolitan-based cross national segmentation in global marketing simulations. Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 28. Chan, K.Y., Kwong, C.K. and Hu, B.Q., 2012. Market segmentation and ideal point identification for new product design using fuzzy data compression and fuzzy clustering methods. Applied Soft Computing, 12(4), pp.1371-1378. Chen, J. and Bell, P.C., 2012. Implementing market segmentation using full-refund and no-refund customer returns policies in a dual-channel supply chain structure. International Journal of Production Economics, 136(1), pp.56-66. Chon, K.S., 2013. Geography and tourism marketing. Routledge. Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. and Rudelius, W., 2015. How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Newton, J., J. Newton, F., Turk, T. and T. Ewing, M., 2013. Ethical evaluation of audience segmentation in social marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 47(9), pp.1421-1438. Dowell, D.J., Dawson, C., Fuller-Love, N. and Hopkins, B., 2012. Entrepreneurial groups in Ireland and Wales: A preliminary typology of entrepreneurs using a marketing segmentation approach. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), pp.184-198. Hong, C.W., 2012. Using the Taguchi method for effective market segmentation. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(5), pp.5451-5459. Jones, M., 2012. Cim revision cards marketing fundamentals. Routledge. Ko, E., Taylor, C.R., Sung, H., Lee, J., Wagner, U., Navarro, D.M.C. and Wang, F., 2012. Malhotra, N.K., 2012. Basic marketing research: Integration of social media. Pearson. Morritt, R. and Weinstein, A., 2012. Segmentation strategies for hospitality managers: Target marketing for competitive advantage. Routledge. Muhamad, R., Melewar, T.C. and Faridah Syed Alwi, S., 2012. Segmentation and brand positioning for Islamic financial services. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), pp.900-921. Okazaki, S., 2012. Fundamentals of mobile marketing: theories and practices. Peter Lang Publishing. Palmer, A., 2012. Introduction to marketing: theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Sanchez-Hernandez, G., Chiclana, F., Agell, N. and Aguado, J.C., 2013. Ranking and selection of unsupervised learning marketing segmentation. Knowledge-Based Systems, 44, pp.20-33. Sharma, A. and Lambert, D.M., 2013. Segmentation of markets based on customer service. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management.

Steel My Soldiers Hearts Essay Example For Students

Steel My Soldiers Hearts Essay Steel My Soldiers Hearts is the story of how in January 1969, David Hackworth is brought to Viet Nam from the United States to fix (p. 1) the 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry of the 9th Division. It is the story of how the 4/39th went from a demoralized and dispirited infantry battalion to one of the top rated hardcore Battalions in the Army (p. 3). The book is written in the first account. Colonel Hackworth and Ms. England rely upon his memories of the time spent with the 4/39th as well as interviews conducted with former member of the Battalion who served under him from January through May of 1969. We will write a custom essay on Steel My Soldiers Hearts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They also used material from U. S. Army records (p. 437). Pseudonyms were used for some people to preclude embarrassing those who didnt always shine and/or to protect their families from any discomfort (p. 440). Colonel Hackworth writes about how he transforms a poorly trained, inept group of soldiers into an effective fighting force. He writes of dealing with the harsh conditions, terrain and climate of the Mekong Delta, lack of adequate leadership and the poor attitude of the soldiers not only toward the North Vietnamese Army, Viet Cong but also towards the South Vietnamese whom they were fighting along side (p. 29). The book also exposes the ineptness of career minded commanders who are more interested in jacking up body counts, gaining headlines and medals at the expense of those actually fighting the war. The reader is given a look into what infantry men in Viet Nam experienced from a leaders view, as well as that of the grunts fighting in the Mekong Delta. The 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry of the 9th Division called Fire Support Base Dizzy in Dinh Tuong their home. Hackworth arrived at the fire base to find that its current leader, Colonel Lark*, had built the Fire Base in the middle of mine field; during the set up of FSB Dizzy, eighteen soldiers had been wounded inside the perimeter due to booby traps and mines (p. 13). Needless to say morale was very low. Hackworth finds the FB in a state of disarray (p. 8). Machine-gun ammo buried in mud, troops wandering around with rusty weapons, hippie beads worn along with their dog tags, graffiti covered helmets and a base that smelled or raw sewage greeted him (p. 8). The troops are unkempt, unshaven and out of uniform (p. 8, 9). Hackworth immediately begins the process of shaping up the Battalion, brining in men of his choosing that were seasoned fighters and could help turn the Battalion around (p. 9). *Pseudonym Colonel Hackworth believed that the 4/39th could be the best if they were properly motivated, trained, cared for and led. He made a point of talking with all new replacements and getting to know the men who served under him. He would take routine walks around the FB to visit and asses the troops, feeling that it was important for the men to know that their leader did care about them and would be with them when the bullets started flying (p. 8). He would also go on routine patrols to asses the leaders. Hackworth felt that most of the leaders were well trained, but not trained to fight insurgents (p. 60). The book details his efforts to teach the men how to fight an unconventional war. He stresses taking care of their men, train them and let them know you care about them, and in return you will earn their trust and respect and they will fight with you (p. ) Hackworth made it clear that he cared about his men from the lowest of soldier up, (p. 2), and that his commanders and staff had better well look after them (p. 42). .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .postImageUrl , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:hover , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:visited , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:active { border:0!important; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:active , .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0 .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0795f091bf66e36ebf9228bf81af4b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Book Report: The New Jackals EssayHackworth believes that as a leader one needs to show not only tough discipline, but caring for all those under his command. Hackworth uncompromising and tough methods were so successful that he was able to turn the Battalion around, all the while fighting right along side the men in battles. This won him the admiration of the men who, in the first few weeks of his command put a bounty on the Colonel, that when he let his command of the 4/39th then put a bounty out to bring him back. p. 399). The terrain was a hindrance to the Battalion. The Mekong Delta is flat and filled with rice paddies, canals and rivers which section through the entire Delta and patches of jungle. The men where always wet, either from the rain, wading through the rivers, canals and paddies or just from the humidity. We were always wet (p. 69). This posed a hazard for the troops; their skin would break down leaving them susceptible to infections. Flesh fell off, leaving open ulcers that look as if they could have been caused by bullets (p. 9). The rainy season brought rain day and night from May through September (p. 69, 70). The men brought back to the Fire Base every four days for a drying out period (p. 70). The Delta was like a giant sewer that they lived in, slept in, ate in and, bled in (p. 70). Unable to use mosquito repellant, fearing the Viet Cong would smell it and give away their positions, the men got used to be constantly bitten; one grunt recalled after a mission counting at least 2,500 bites on his body (p. 194). During the dry season from October through April, the Delta was a tropical hell, turning the area into a dust bowl (p. 15 16). Soldiers had difficulty telling the good guys from the bad guys (p. 16). The Viet Cong were not just men; they were women and children, young and old (p. 367). In the Delta they didnt normally wear military uniforms and intentionally mixed in with the civilians. This gave them the advantage of ditching weapons quickly and being able to blend in with the population (p. 16). Sometimes this led to the killing of innocent victims (p. 66, 367). The hatred of the Vietnamese amongst the men was high, not only for the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese but also for the ARVN who where fighting along with the U. S. , We fought their war while they watched (p. 129). Day after day the grunts would watch the ARVN troops go out and seldom find the Viet Cong, yet if they followed the same path, they found them. And, when bullets started flying, the ARVN stayed down and did nothing (p. 129). The soldiers also distrusted the ARVN soldiers, not sure who was truly a soldier and who may be a Viet Cong. Fighting not only the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army on the battle field, Hackworth also had to fight the double dealing career army officer to whom a false report, higher body counts were and happy hour more important then the safety of the soldiers that Hackworth was leading. The 9th infantry Divisions chief of staff was bird Colonel Ira Augustus Hunt whom, the Army considered one of their best and brightest. Colonel Hackworth considered him useless (p. 2). The two men go head to head more than once during Hackworths stay with the 4/39th. Hunt is out for glory, headlines and medals and has no regard for the safety or well being of the troops, which Hackworth clearly shows in detail (p. 155-172). Hunt is made temporary acting Brigade Commander (p. 156) which soon turns into a disastrous nightmare. During a routine mission, Hunts deployment made little sense, placing men in positions that only put then in danger and ultimately having them trapped with no escape route (p. 158). Not having any idea how to actually fight, since his command post was always at least 3,000 feet in the air, it was obvious that he did not know what he was doing (p. 60). .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .postImageUrl , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:hover , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:visited , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:active { border:0!important; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:active , .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67 .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8188d8f3dc4d6f72b2c90fd9ce5b4c67:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Surgeon's Story EssayHe put troops in the battle field in random order, ordering air strikes that fell right on top of his own men, all the while with Colonel Hackworth trying to get him to stop. The battle resulted with forty enemy dead and fifty American soldiers were wounded or killed (p. 170). To Hunt this was a glorious victory, to the troops it was not (p. 170). Hunt reported that in fact their were seventy-two enemy dead and in the morning after he flew in the press so he could brief them at the site of his great battle (p,. 171). A few months later, Hunt summoned Colonel Hackworth to his office. He wanted Hackworth to review and endorse a report of the incident, a glowing report of a perfect combat action, which was not the case at all (p. 347, 348). Ira Hunt wanted the Valorous Unit Citation award for the events, Hackworth would not endorse his report with its again, inflated body counts and perfection, nor would anyone else who was involved in the two day battle (349, 351). The book offers other insights to Hunts ineptness as a solider and leader also. As for the United States presence in Vietnam, the book offers, in detail the effect the soldiers presences had on the prostitution business in the country (p. 289-301). Where ever the soldiers were, the girls were, trading sex for money, c-rations, candy, and just about anything else. Colonel Hackworth and Ms. England write in great detail of the major battles and every day encounters of the 4/39th. This writer feels that the book at times seems a bit self-praising. However, it is truly and eye opener in many ways, from the details of being shot to the heat of the Delta. Colonel Hackworth does not mince works, is very blunt and to the point. He gives credit where credit is due and names, names! The book would make a good learning tool for someone going into military leadership. Hackworth believes that we can no longer fight by traditional tactics, when fighting the unconventional, we must fight unconventionally. You cannot lead men from a fortified bunker of from a helicopter. A leader belongs with his troops, right by the side of those putting their lives in danger.

The Beatitudes Relevance Today Essays

The Beatitudes Relevance Today Essays The Beatitudes Relevance Today Essay The Beatitudes Relevance Today Essay The Beatitudes, (the eight declarations of blessedness) are found in Matthew’s gospel (Matthew 5:3-12), where it says Jesus Christ gave them to us in the Sermon on the Mount. The Greek word translated â€Å"blessed† means spiritual well-being and prosperity. However, are they still applicable? Is there still a parallel between today and 2000 years ago concerning The Beatitudes? Some argue that the beatitudes are pointless in 2016 because it is only Christianity that are familiar with them. You could say that more people are aware about that Ten Commandments as they are a lot more famous. There is a probability that even a big portion of Christians haven’t heard of the Beatitudes. The second reason to accompany this is that people have busier lives in modern society. These were created 2000 years ago, so they may be considered outdated. How can we be sure that those exact words came from Jesus’ mouth and were not reinterpreted by oth ers? This is a question many people today may ask, because they don’t have enough faith to believe without proof. My third reason to support this argument is that the Beatitudes are just a set of words – they aren’t actions. Nowadays, a visual representation, such as a YouTube video, showing agape may be proved a lot more effective. On the other hand, some people argue that the Beatitudes are still useful, especially considering we have recently entered the Year of Divine Mercy. This year is all about finding our true purposes in life one of them being to follow the ways of God in the Christian community. â€Å"Every day spent with God is a pilgrimage† (CCC). Luckily, we have the Beatitudes that we should treat like an instruction manual to guide us through the year – and through life. Another reason is that The Beatitudes are in the Bible, which means that Baptists can join us in believing in them. Baptists are Christians, but only believe in things said in the Bible, so things such as the

Siege of Fort Stanwix in the American Revolution

Siege of Fort Stanwix in the American Revolution Siege of Fort Stanwix - Conflict Dates: The Siege of Fort Stanwix was conducted from August 2 to 22, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Colonel Peter Gansevoort750 men at Fort StanwixMajor General Benedict Arnold700-1,000 men in relief force British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger1,550 men Siege of Fort Stanwix - Background: In early 1777, Major General John Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the American rebellion. Convinced that New England was the seat of the revolt, he proposed severing the region from the other colonies by advancing down the Lake Champlain-Hudson River corridor while a second force, led by Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger, moved east from Lake Ontario and through the Mohawk Valley. Meeting at Albany, Burgoyne and St. Leger would advance down the Hudson, while General Sir William Howes army advanced north from New York City. Though approved by Colonial Secretary Lord George Germain, Howes role in the plan was never clearly defined and issues of his seniority precluded Burgoyne from issuing him orders. Siege of Fort Stanwix - St. Leger Prepares: Gathering near Montreal, St. Legers command was centered on the 8th and 34th Regiments of Foot, but also included forces of Loyalists and Hessians. To aid St. Leger in dealing with militia officers and the Native Americans, Burgoyne gave him a brevet promotion to brigadier general prior to embarking. Assessing his line of advance, St. Legers largest obstacle was Fort Stanwix located at the Oneida Carrying Place between Lake Oneida and the Mohawk River. Built during the French Indian War, it had fallen into disrepair and was believed to have a garrison of around sixty men. To deal with the fort, St. Leger brought along four light guns and four small mortars (Map). Siege of Fort Stanwix - Strengthening the Fort: In April 1777, General Philip Schuyler, commanding American forces on the northern frontier, became increasingly concerned about the threat of British and Native American attacks via the Mohawk River corridor. As a deterrent, he dispatched Colonel Peter Gansevoorts 3rd New York Regiment to Fort Stanwix. Arriving in May, Gansevoorts men began working to repair and enhance the forts defenses. Though they officially renamed the installation Fort Schuyler, its original name continued to be widely used. In early July, Gansevoort received word from friendly Oneidas that St. Leger was on the move. Concerned about his supply situation, he contacted Schuyler and requested additional ammunition and provisions. Siege of Fort Stanwix - The British Arrive: Advancing up the St. Lawrence River and onto Lake Ontario, St. Leger received word that Fort Stanwix had been reinforced and was garrisoned by around 600 men. Reaching Oswego on July 14, he worked with Indian Agent Daniel Claus and recruited around 800 Native American warriors led by Joseph Brant. These additions swelled his command to around 1,550 men. Moving west, St. Leger soon learned that the supplies Gansevoort had requested were nearing the fort. In an effort to intercept this convoy, he sent Brant ahead with around 230 men. Reaching Fort Stanwix on August 2, Brants men appeared just after elements of the 9th Massachusetts had arrived with the supplies. Remaining at Fort Stanwix, the Massachusetts troops swelled the garrison to around 750-800 men. Siege of Fort Stanwix - The Siege Begins: Assuming a position outside the fort, Brant was joined by St. Leger and the main body the next day. Though his artillery was still en route, the British commander demanded Fort Stanwixs surrender that afternoon. After this was refused by Gansevoort, St. Leger began siege operations with his regulars making camp to the north and the Native Americans and Loyalists to the south. During the first few days of the siege, the British struggled to bring their artillery up nearby Wood Creek which was blocked by trees felled by the Tryon County militia. On August 5, St. Leger was informed that an American relief column was moving towards the fort. This was largely composed of the Tryon County militia led by Brigadier General Nicholas Herkimer. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Battle of Oriskany: Responding to this new threat, St. Leger dispatched around 800 men, led by Sir John Johnson, to intercept Herkimer. This included the bulk of his European troops as well as some Native Americans. Setting an ambush near Oriskany Creek, he attacked the approaching Americans the next day. In the resulting Battle of Oriskany, both sides inflicted substantial losses on the other. Though the Americans were left holding the battlefield, they were unable to push on to Fort Stanwix. Though a British victory, it was tempered by the fact that Gansevoorts executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, led a sortie from the fort which attacked the British and Native American camps. In the course of the raid, Willetts men carried off many of the Native Americans possessions as well as captured many British documents including St. Legers plans for the campaign. Returning from Oriskany, many of the Native Americans were irate over the loss of their belongings and the casualties sustained in the fighting. Learning of Johnsons triumph, St. Leger again demanded the forts surrender but to no avail. On August 8, the British artillery finally deployed and began firing on Fort Stanwixs northern wall and northeastern bastion. Though this fire had little effect, St. Leger again requested that Gansevoort capitulate, this time threatening to turn loose the Native Americans to attack settlements in the Mohawk Valley. Responding, Willett stated, By your uniform you are British officers. Therefore let me tell you that the message you have brought is a degrading one for a British officer to send and by no means reputable for a British officer to carry. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Relief at Last: That evening, Gansevoort ordered Willett take a small party through the enemy lines to seek help. Moving through the marshes, Willett was able to escape east. Learning of the defeat at Oriskany, Schuyler resolved to send a new relief force from his army. Led by Major General Benedict Arnold, this column was composed of 700 regulars from the Continental Army. Moving west, Arnold encountered Willett before pressing on to Fort Dayton near German Flatts. Arriving on August 20, he wished to wait for additional reinforcements before proceeding. This plan was dashed when Arnold learned that St. Leger had begun entrenching in an effort to move his guns closer to Fort Stanwixs powder magazine. Unsure about proceeding without additional manpower, Arnold elected to use deception in an effort to disrupt the siege. Turning to Han Yost Schuyler, a captured Loyalist spy, Arnold offered the man his life in exchange for returning to St. Legers camp and spreading rumors about an impending attack by a large American force. To ensure Schuylers compliance, his brother was held as a hostage. Traveling to the siege lines at Fort Stanwix, Schuyler spread this tale among the already unhappy Native Americans. Word of Arnolds assault soon reached St. Leger who came to believe the American commander was advancing with 3,000 men. Holding a council of war on August 21, St. Leger found that part of his Native American contingent had already departed and that remainder was preparing to leave if he did not end the siege. Seeing little choice, the British leader broke off the siege the next day and began withdrawing back towards Lake Oneida. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Aftermath: Pressing forward, Arnolds column reached Fort Stanwix late on August 23. The next day, he ordered 500 men to pursue the retreating enemy. These reached the lake just as the last of St. Legers boats were departing. After securing the area, Arnold withdrew to rejoin Schuylers main army. Retreating back to Lake Ontario, St. Leger and his men were taunted by their erstwhile Native American allies. Seeking to rejoin Burgoyne, St. Leger and his men traveled back up the St. Lawrence and down Lake Champlain before arriving at Fort Ticonderoga in late September. While the casualties during the actual Siege of Fort Stanwix were light, the strategic consequences proved substantial. The defeat of St. Leger prevented his force from uniting with Burgoyne and disrupted the larger British plan. Continuing to push down the Hudson Valley, Burgoyne was halted and decisively defeated by American troops at the Battle of Saratoga. The turning point of the war, the triumph led to the critical Treaty of Alliance with France. Selected Sources National Park Service: Fort Stanwix National MonumentNew York State Military Museum: Fort Stanwix Revolutionary War: Siege of Fort Stanwix

Acquisition Strategy Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acquisition Strategy - Term Paper Example Each strategy forms a multidimensional construct, and any decision one dimension should account for decisions made in other dimensions. The implications of each dimension should be considered in other dimensions. The entry strategy should be considered a package of strategic decisions, and the design of entry strategy should consider location, timing, entry mode, human resources, marketing, logistics and other aspects of business. Acquisitions are large projects that serve to strengthen an investor’s market position. While implementing an acquisitions strategy the following steps are followed: market position to be attained is envisaged; one or more target firms are identified that could help attain the position; ways to acquire control over the sought resources at acceptable costs are determined; and a strategy is implemented over a period of several years to readjust to changes in the environment. The acquisitions strategy has been illustrated in the figure A-1. It includes decisions based on corporate strategy and the local environment. Specific areas of decisions include location; logistics; entry mode; HRM; timing; and marketing. Ingenico, a leading provider of POS terminals, acquired Easycash for a value of â‚ ¬290 million. Easycash (2010) offers customised card-based payment and loyalty solutions for customers, which include some of the leading German retailers. Easycash expanded its services with investment from Warbug Pincus with services to more than 82,000 merchant customers. The market position was strengthened through a combination of organic growth initiatives, and acquisitions including Experian Loyalty Solutions and Siemens card payment services. Easycash’s transaction volumes increased from 670 million to more than 1 billion in 2006, with values exceeding â‚ ¬55 billion. The number of employees increased from 190 to 350. The backing of Ingenico allowed the business to continue its expansion

To what extent has self-regulation always been central to the workings Essay

To what extent has self-regulation always been central to the workings of health and safety legislation or is it mainly a post-Robens Committee development - Essay Example t of the private ends of its membership--or it may act governmentally in so far as public policy tasks are delegated to private actors or institutions. Both forms of activity may, indeed, be combined. The process of self-regulation may, moreover, be constrained governmentally in a number of ways--for instance by statutory rules; oversight by a governmental agency; systems in which ministers approve or draft rules; procedures for the public enforcement of self-regulatory rules; or mechanisms of participation or accountability. Self-regulation may appear to lack any state involvement but in reality it may constitute a response to threats by government that if nothing is done state action will follow.( S.Dawson, P.Willman, A.Clinton and M.Bamford, 1980). A second variable concerns the extent of the role played by self regulators. A full role may involve the promulgation of rules, the enforcement of these on the ground, and the monitoring of the whole regulatory process. Self-regulation, however, may be restricted to one of these functions where, for instance, rules are drafted by a self-regulatory organization but are enforced and monitored by a public agency. Self-regulation may merely operate as an element within a regulatory regime. (Bernardo Bortolotti, Gianluca Fiorentini, 1999). The degree of binding legal force that attaches to self-regulatory rules is a third variable to be noted. Self-regulation may operate in an informal, non-binding, voluntary manner or it may involve rules of full legal force that are enforceable in the courts. Finally, self-regulatory regimes may vary in their coverage of an industrial sector--they may apply to all those who participate in an activity (perhaps because screening or licensing of entry is applied) or they may cover only those who join an association voluntarily. (P.Bartrip, 1996). Following the failed laissez-faire experiment in the nineteenth century, a raft of regulation was created to protect the health and safety of

The Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Essay Example for Free

The Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Essay Abstract Childhood sexual abuse is a serious concern that has been associated with long term effects amongst survivors. Using secondary data, this qualitative piece of research explores the long term effects of child sexual abuse in later adult life. The purpose for this study is to create awareness to professionals that sexual abuse effects continue long after the abuse stops thus, sufficient knowledge on the characteristics of the abuse. The long term effects focuses on three developmental domains; emotional social and behavioural. The emotional aspect looks at depression, feelings of guilt and anxiety. The social aspect focuses on relationships and intimacy, and the behavioural aspect will discuss issues self-destructive behaviours. Results from the research highlight that the long term effects are not consistent across the three domains. Thus, child sexual abuse is viewed as a risk factor, as opposed to an actual cause to the effects. Nevertheless, knowledge on the long term effects is imperative, to provide appropriate support and services. Research recommendations are discussed. Acknowledgments The writing of this dissertation has been one of my biggest challenges thus far; as emotional as it was, I am pleased that I decided to follow through with my chosen topic. I have learnt so much in the process, both academically and personally. This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of several individuals. First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for providing me with the strength and courage to undergo such a huge challenge. I would like to say a special thank you to my beloved family and friends who have given me their support and understanding over the past five months. I am really grateful to be blessed with such wonderful people, may God bless you all. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation tutor, Tricia Ayre. Thank you for your invaluable assistance from the beginning to the end. Your support has meant a lot and kept me on the right tracks. Thanks. Thanks to my manager and colleagues at my final year placement who also showed me a generous amount of support. A great effort has been put into enabling children to disclose their abuse, interventions and laws to protect survivors from such abuse. However, how the abuse effects the survivors has received comparatively little attention, (Nelson and Hampson 2008). Research has documented that survivors are more prone to suffer from physical, social emotional, cognitive and behavioural problems than non survivors, (Piper 2008, Nelson and Hampson 2008, Sanderson 2002). This is vital knowledge; as such effects are likely to have an impact on the survivor’s well-being. The aim of the research is to explore the long term effects of CSA in three developmental domains; Social, Emotional and Behavioural. The three domains are associated with The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, (Department of Health 2012). Each domain plays a vital role in the developmental needs of a child, interruptions in one or more of the domains can lead to a child not meeting their full potential, (Department for Education and Skills 2004). The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, highlights the importance of these specific developmental domains in order for a child to achieve, it is for this reason why I have chosen to explore these areas. The emotional aspect will discuss depression, feelings of guilt and anxiety. The social aspect will focus on relationships and intimacy, and finally the behavioural aspect will discuss issues self-destructive behaviours. CSA can leave survivors with both short and long term effects. This view is supported by Ferguson (1997), ‘as well as the immediate effects of such abuse seen in childhood, findings from research have reported how the impact of CSA can affect the lives of adult survivors. ’ â€Å"Sexual abuse is a traumatic and damaging experience which can affect a child’s capacity for trust, intimacy, mental health and emotional development and ability to achieve both educationally and socially†,( London Child Protection Committee 2005). As a result of the damage caused, it is likely for survivors to come into contact with professionals and services to address issues they may be undergoing. However, not all victims will disclose that they are survivors of CSA due to shame and embarrassment. In some cases, the individuals may not be aware that their present issues are related to their past abuse therefore will not feel the need to make the professional aware. Only 27 per cent of abused women attending general practices disclosed childhood abuse to their doctors, (Mammen and Olsen 1996). Therefore, it is important for professionals to have sufficient knowledge of the long term effects of CSA, as unknowingly may well be working with survivors. Long term effects of CSA can interfere with survivor’s mental health and well being, for these reasons social workers are likely to work with such service users, empowering them to reach their full potential. Thus it is imperative that social workers are aware of and familiar with the symptoms and long term effects associated with childhood sexual abuse, to gain a better understanding of how to support such service users, (Hall and Hall 2011). I have taken an interest in this subject for a number, as whilst undergoing my social work placement in a women’s prison, I worked with offenders with drug and alcohol misuse. A number of women disclosed that as a child, they had experienced a form of sexual abuse as a child. Anecdotally, many of the women used substances to control their emotions or repress the painful memories from their childhood. Research findings from Nesse (1994) states that drugs artificially induces pleasure or blocks normal suffering and are routinely used to block defences; such as pain and anxiety. Substance misuse can lead the individual to experience issues in areas such as social, emotional, and behavioural, (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2004). Without the prisoner disclosing their past abuse, or the professional not being aware of the long term effects caused by CSA, the effects of the abuse can go unnoticed. Consequently issues surrounding their drug misuse are addressed however; the underlying problem of CSA still remains. As a newly qualified social worker, it is important that I am aware of both the short and long term effects of CSA, as there is a likelihood of meeting with survivors in my work environment. Being able to identify the effects, would allow me to develop a more effective way of addressing the service users immediate needs, making sure they are aware of the supportive services available in the community. Therefore conducting this piece of research would have a positive contribution towards my professional development, as I would be equipped with sufficient knowledge and understanding, prior going into practice. Conducting research into this field I believe will also have a positive impact on my personal development, as I am a survivor of CSA. Although it is important for professionals working with survivors to be aware of the effects, it is equally important for the survivors themselves to be aware that the effects can continue long after the abuse stops. Through considerable media attention public awareness on CSA has increased throughout the years, though CSA is not a recent phenomenon. CSA is a social problem that has been of concern during earlier historical periods, (Conte 1994). According to Jeffery (2006), prior to the 1960’s there was very little mention of CSA. CSA and incest was seen as a taboo, (La Fontaine 1988). As this taboo was often shared by the victim, family and professional the problem remained widely unrecognised, (Bentovim et al 2009). In 1908 the Incest Act was established and incest became illegal. However, this era was still seen as ‘The time of silence’, as it was literally impossible to think about disclosing or debating sexual abuse, such acts were not accepted and viewed as forbidden. (Carlsson 2009). The Children Act in 1948 introduced child care departments to be set up in local authorities. Under the 1948 Children Act, it became the duty of a local authority to receive the child into care in cases of abuse or neglect, (Spicker 2007). In the 1940’s there was an interest in CSA by social scientists; large scale studies of sexual practices were conducted, these were known as the Kinsey studies. Findings showed that a number of participants had a sexual experience as a child with an adult, (Jeffery 2006). Even in the light of these and other studies, there remained widespread public and professional denial that CSA took place, Jeffery (2006). However this could be explained, â€Å"Before the 1970’s the justice system was not receptive to CSA: children viewed as presumptively unreliable; hard to prove abuse; general climate of disbelief; little or no training for police or prosecutors on how to investigate, recognize, and prove child abuse†, (Bala 2006). The growth of the woman’s movement was a turning point for CSA; the role of women in society had shifted, women were now encouraged to speak out about their experiences, as supposed to being ashamed and having to suppress feelings. Sanderson (2002) argued that from this exchange of information and the sharing of experiences it became evident that CSA was a common rather than an isolated experience which many women had experienced. In the 1980’s there was an increase in awareness and concern about sexual abuse of children, this was displayed in the increase of reported incidents of child abuse. Professionals were now playing a more active role in protecting children from such abuse; however this was later criticised, as they were seen as acting too quickly in removing children from their parents. In 1987, over 100 children were removed from their families on emergency Place of Safety Orders on the basis of a diagnosis of sexual abuse made by two paediatricians at a hospital in Middlesbrough, (Munro 2007, p. 21). Following the media outcry these events led to a public inquiry, famously known as The Cleveland inquiry. The message from the inquiry was that professionals needed to take a more legalistic approach to collecting evidence, (Munro 2007, p. 21) Two years later, The Children’s Act 1989 was passed, although it was not implemented until 1990. The Children Act 1989 gave every child the right to protection from abuse and exploitation and the right to inquiries to safeguard their welfare, (Batty 2005). The introduction of the Children’s Act, allowed professionals to intervene in cases they suspected a child was likely to suffer from significant harm. From the 1990’s a number of laws and legislations were put in place to prevent and detect cases of CSA, and prosecute abusers. The Protection of Children’s Act was passed in 1999; it aimed to prevent paedophiles from working with Children, (Batty 2005). In 2003, The Sexual Offences Act was passed; it criminalises all sexual activity with a child under the age of 16, (The Crown Prosecution service 2012). In addition to the increase of laws introduced, CSA has triggered a major reaction in the media; as a result CSA has received increasing public attention, (Ferguson 1997). Jeffery (2006) suggested that the increase in reported incidents of CSA over the years is related to a better understanding of the signs and symptoms of abuse and better inter-agency working. Although there has been an increase in the number of reported incidents, CSA is still largely hidden and unreported, so it is difficult to get an accurate picture of the extent of different forms of abuse, (London Child Protection Committee 2005). Pereda et al (2009) reviewed 65 studies from 22 different countries and concluded that the global prevalence of CSA is estimated at 19. 7 per cent for females and 7. 9 per cent for men. The highest prevalence rate of CSA geographically was found in Africa with 34. 4 per cent. This was mainly due to the high rate of abuse in South Africa. South Africa has many migrant workers; due to lack of job opportunities in their vicinity parents left their children alone for weeks to months with relatives or minders, while they travelled to distant places. This exposed the children to all sorts of abuse, especially sexual abuse, (Madu and Peltzer 2000). On the other hand, Europe displayed the lowest prevalence rate with 9. 2 per cent. However, even the lowest prevalence rate includes a large number of victims who need to be taken into account, (Wihbey 2011). Chapter Two 2. 0Methodology This dissertation was conducted to explore and critically examine the current literature on the long term effects of CSA, focusing on three specific domains; social, emotional and behavioural. To begin with, I attended tutorials that primarily focused on how to write and structure a dissertation. With the knowledge gained I was able to compose my first stage proposal form, at this point I identified my dissertation topic, title, rationale and aim. I was then allocated a supervisor; through one to one meetings and emails, I sought advice and guidance on the best approach that suited my dissertation topic. Targets and deadlines were also agreed upon as time management was essential. To aid my literature search I also sought advice from the librarian at the University of West London. All Material used for this dissertation solely relied upon secondary data sources. Data was gathered from the University of West London and The British library. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo were used to search web resources. I initially began by using the phrase ‘Long term effects of CSA’; however the results produced were broad, I decided to narrow my results by searching for the three domains individually, e. g. ‘Behavioural effects of CSA in adulthood’. I then read through the results provided, those that were significant to my research I printed off. Reading the literature thoroughly, I highlighted relevant points, using different colour highlighters for each domain. Findings from this dissertation were presented using qualitative research. As CSA is a sensitive topic, it was important that the approach used suited the content of the dissertation. Qualitative research aims to describe and explain relationships, where quantitative research predicts casual relationships, (Family health international 2011). Presenting the data using qualitative research allowed me to explore the subject in great detail. Family health international (2011) states that qualitative research provides information about the ‘human’ side of an issue; giving the nature of the dissertation I believed this design was the most appropriate. When athering information for the literature review, I primarily focused on literature published in the United Kingdom. However, the research presented was insufficient; I therefore furthered my search to various countries. For this reason, this study will not be based solely in the United Kingdom. The dissertation aimed to reflect both females and males experience of CSA. However, a considerable amount of literature gathered had used female participants. As Jehu (1991 cited in Forensic Psychology Practice 1999) highlighted, in regards to research and treatment literature, male survivors have been neglected. Jehu (1991 cited in Forensic Psychology Practice 1999) further explained, ‘ from a cultural perspective, there appears to be some ‘societal reluctance’ to recognise boys as victims of abuse rather than willing participants in sexual encounters’. As mainly female participants were used, it could be argued that the research is not a representative sample of CSA survivors, this could possibly interfere with the study’s validity. Validity is used to determine whether research measures what it intended to measure and to approximate the truthfulness of the results, (Tariq 2009). It is also possible that the gender specific sample could generate significant bias. As I am a survivor of CSA, it is important to acknowledge that my past experiences are likely to affect how I interpret findings gathered from the research. This could cause possible issues surrounding bias, again affecting the validity of the dissertation. Although material used for this research was based on secondary data sources, if I was to conduct primary research on my chosen topic, a number of ethical issues would have to be taken into consideration, due to the complex and sensitive nature of the subject. Firstly, I would need to ensure that full consent is gained from all participants as this protects the individuals from harm and protects the researchers from having their project deemed invalid or unethical, ( Helping Psychology 2009). It is also important, that I inform participants that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentially is another ethical issue that needs to be implemented when carrying out primary research. ‘The assurance of confidentiality carries with it the implication that non-researchers cannot discover the respondents identity’, (Jamison 2007). In this circumstance, confidentially is necessary as it is possible survivors taking part have not disclosed their abuse. Holmes (2004, p. 120) stated; ensuring that transcripts do not include participant’s names was a way to protect participant’s confidentiality. According to Ghate and Spencer (1995, p. 79), the most important concern when undertaking such research is the after effects of the interview on the survivors, as it may trigger and painful memories. Thus it is essential that researchers carefully balance ethical principles, so that collection of data can occur without harm to participants. Ghate and Spencer (1995, p. 79) suggested that post interviewing would be useful for participants who might have found the interview stressful. Chapter Three 3. 0Literature Review According to Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (2012) Article 1 the definition of a child is â€Å"every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. † Sexual abuse can be defined as an umbrella term as existing definitions of childhood sexual abuse are diverse and cover a wide range of factors. Sexual abuse can occur in several forms, these include intercourse, attempted intercourse, oral genital contact, fondling of genitals directly or through clothing, exhibitionism or exposing children to adult sexual activity or pornography, (Putnam 2003). For the purpose of this research, the following definition will be used; ‘CSA is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent,’ (World Health Organisation 1999). . 1Factors contributing to the impact of CSA CSA effects can vary from no apparent effects to very severe ones, such as depression and self-injurious behaviours. The impact CSA can have on an individual can differ according to a multiple of factors. Cited in Piper (2008, Ullman 2003) is in support of this view, he concluded that the degree of impact CSA has on a person varies, studies demonstrated the follow ing influencing factors; age of the child abuse, duration of the abuse, frequency of the abuse, relationship with the offender, severity of the ssault and reactions to disclosure. A number of researchers have established that the age at the onset of abuse is an important factor that can influence the impact of CSA; however researchers share contradicting views in regards to what age the abuse has the most impact on the survivor. Corby (1993 p. 123) supports the view that both the short and long term consequences of sexual abuse are less harmful in the younger children, because of the lack of awareness of the social stigma attached to sexual abuse. Gomes-Schwartz (1990 p. 07) found that their 7 to 13 years age group experienced more adverse reaction than did children in their 4 to 6 years. In contrast, Living Well (2010) suggested earlier onset is linked to greater impact. Baker and Duncan (1985) found that majority of women reporting most perceived ill-effects were abused before the age of 10. Cited in Corby (1993 p. 123, Beitchman et al 1991) raised an important argument; they suggested that age needs to be considered in conjunction with other variables. Studies have found a link between the duration of the abuse and the trauma of CSA. Barriere (2005 cited in Sanderson 2006) reported an ongoing sexual relationship with repeated contacts is generally more traumatic and usually produces more sexual abuse effects than a single contact. Browne and Finkelhor (1986 ) reviewed 11 studies and found that six confirmed the longer the duration of the abuse went on, the more traumatic was the effect on the victim. However, it must be addressed that there are many instances of one –off abuses that can have a traumatic effect on victims; this could be the case if the abuse is linked with violence, (Corby 1993, p. 24). If the abused knows their abuser, it is said that the impact of the abuse is much greater, than being abused by an unfamiliar person. Barriere (2005, cited in Sanderson 2006) supports this view as she states the closer the emotional relationship, the greater the emotional trauma. A reason for the increased trauma could possibly be due to betrayal of trust. CSA can occur in multiple forms, from asking or pres suring a child to engage in sexual activities to behaviour involving penetration. The type of sexual activity the victim is exposed to can influence the impact of the abuse. Groth (1982, p. 129-144. ) has differentiated between the child rapist, who uses force, power, and threats in the sexual abuse, and the abusers who takes the more slow approach and often with considerable affection. The effects on the child will be different. Nevertheless, it is important to stress the effects of any type of sexual abuse can cause considerable damage to the individual, (MacFarlane et al 1986, p. 10). When a child discloses their sexual abuse, it is important to remember the reaction can contribute to how the child will cope from their sexual abuse experience, (Allnock 2010). Conte and Schuerman (1987) found that a supportive response was an important factor in reducing the extent of long term problems following sexual abuse. 3. 2Reasons for limited research Over the past years CSA has received much public attention however, majority of research has focused on the victims as children; comparatively little work has been published on the long term consequences, (Cahill et al 1991). CSA researchers are faced with a number of challenges. The definition of CSA is a reason to why there is lack of research. As there is no universal definition researcher’s definitions can differ, and as a result depending on the definition used in the study findings can vary. The lack of research in the long term effects of CSA is also due to the difficulties in establishing casual connections between the abuse and the later affects years after the abuse. The greater the gap between the abuse event and the later behaviour the less chance there is of casually linking the two because of the existence of more intervening variables†, (Corby, 1993 p107). Effects found in survivors are not always exclusive to the childhood sexual abuse and may reflect other underlying issues, (Sanderson 2002, p. 54). Conducting studies in sensitive areas such as CSA has been proven to be difficult; therefore research in such fields may be limited. Willows (2009, p. 7) found â€Å"People who have experienced abuse in childhood may be understandably reluctant to share their experiences, especially in a research setting†. A study conducted on the ethical issues in research on sensitive topics noted that, participants who had experienced child abuse were more likely to report distress after participating in research, due to remembering the past. However, researchers also found that these participants were more likely to report that participation was helpful, (Decker et al 2011). According to Sanderson (2002, p. 5) another difficulty in assessing the long term effects of childhood sexual abuse, is that through the repression of the trauma, or dissociation, survivors of such abuse may possibly not consciously remember the abuse experience. Therefore findings gathered from research could be effected, interfering with the validly and reliability of the study. Despite the difficulties in undertaking research in the long term con sequences of CSA, a number of authors have made positive contributions to such a high profile topic, (Briere and Elliot 1994, Sanderson 2002, Hall and Hall 2011). Research has documented that CSA survivors are more prone to suffer from social, emotional and behavioural problems than non survivors; difficulties include, however are not limited to, anxiety depression, guilt, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, self-destructive behaviours and lowered self-esteem, (Piper 2008). It is important to be mindful that the effects and degree of such abuse varies from person to person. 3. 3Emotional There have been numerous studies examining the association between a history of CSA and emotional distress, (Sanderson 2002, Beitchman et al 1992, Mullen and Fleming 1999). Emotional effects most commonly experienced by survivors of CSA focus on depression, problems of guilt, low self-esteem and anxiety†, Sanderson (2002 p. 57). Amongst the category of emotional distress, depression has been found to be the most commonly reported symptom among survivors, and empirical findings support this view, (Cahill et al 1991). World Health Organisation (20 12) provides a definition of depression; â€Å"Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration†. Hall and Hall (2011) documented that survivors may have difficulty in externalizing the abuse, thus thinking negatively about themselves. Ratican (1992) furthered this view by describing the symptoms of survivors’ depression to feeling down, having suicidal ideation, disturbed sleeping and eating patterns. The onset of depression has been associated with CSA in numerous studies, cited in Briere and Elliott (1994). Lanktree et al (1991) reported that adults with a history of CSA may have as much as four-time greater chance of developing depression than do individuals with no such abuse history. Beitchman et al (1992) agrees that depression is a significant issue to survivors of CSA. Reviewing eight studies they were able to identify six of the eight identified association between CSA and depression. Similarly, Briere and Runtz (1985, cited in Cahill et al 1991) found a positive correlation, in their survey of undergraduate women, those who had been sexually abused as a child reported experiencing more depressive symptoms in the preceding 12 months compared to non-abused participants. Although there is thorough research to support the correlation between CSA and depression, a small percentage of researchers failed to find a significant difference. Herman’s (1981 p. 56) found that the difference between participants from abused backgrounds and those from non-abused backgrounds proved to be statistically non-significant. His study demonstrated that 60 per cent of abused survivors reported depression, in relation to 55 per cent of the control group. In some cases, no connection was found; Fromuth (1986) undertook research and no relationship were found between depression and CSA survivors. However, her sample consisted of women with the average age of 19. 4 years, whereas majority of the other studies involved older participants. This could possibly indicate that the onset of depression is more likely to develop in later adult life. Having analysed my literature, low self-esteem was another long term effect commonly identified in CSA survivors. Robson (1988) defined self-esteem as â€Å"the sense of contentment and self-acceptance that stems from a person’s appraisal of his/her own worth, significance, attractiveness, competence and ability to satisfy aspirations†. Studies have implicated CSA in lowering self-esteem in adults, (Mullen and Fleming 1999, Herman and Hirchman 1981,). Bagley and Ramsay (1986) documented a low self-esteem rate of 19 per cent with participants from a sexual abuse background in comparison to 5 per cent among the control group. Herman and Hirchman (1981 cited in Cahill 1991) study, they found that 60 per cent of abused victims reported ‘predominantly negative self-image’ in relation to 10 per cent of their control group. Further evidence to support lowered self- esteem in sexually abused survivors is displayed in Jehu et al study (1985 cited in Sanderson 2002); using the Battle Self Esteem Questionnaire, they reported that 86 per cent of sexually abused women generated scores indicating low self-esteem. Roman’s et al (1996 cited in Mullen and Fleming 1999) agrees that low self- esteem is a significant issue to survivors of sexual abuse. The study showed a clear relationship between the two factors. From their findings, they noted that the impact of the abuse contributed to participant’s level of self- esteem. Those who reported the more intrusive forms of abuse, such as penetration, experienced lower levels of self-esteem. CSA is, by nature, threatening and disruptive, and may interfere with the survivor’s sense of security; therefore it is likely that victims of such maltreatment are prone to chronic feelings of anxiety, (Briere and Elliot1994). Sedney and Brook (1984) found from their college sample, 59 per cent of those participants who had history of sexual abuse suffered from anxiety and nervousness in contrast with 29 per cent of those who had no history of abuse. Briere and Elliot (1994) conducted further research and found that sexually abused adults became anxious in intimate or close relationships or frightened when interacting with authority figures, due to being exposed to sexual acts throu gh manipulation, coercion or power tactics upon a child who is not developmentally capable of understanding or consenting to such acts, (Walding 2002). It has been shown that survivors of CSA frequently take personal responsibility for the abuse; this often translates into feelings of guilt, (Hall and Hall 2011). MacMillan Dictionary (2012) defines guilt as â€Å"a feeling of being ashamed and sorry because you have done something wrong†. Hall and Hall (2011) went on to report that survivors often blame themselves and internalize negative messages about themselves. Tsai and Wanger (1978) reported the feeling of guilt could be accounted for by three important factors; due to sexual abuse being a secret act, the abused feels such acts is shameful therefore should not be disclosed to others. Secondly if during the abuse, if the abused experiences any physical or sexual pleasure, this causes them to feel guilty. The third factor is that the abused may feel guilty for not stopping the abuser by not disclosing the abuse and in some way ‘allowed’ it to continue. Jehu et al (1985) provides clinical evidence to reflect Tsai and Wanger (1978) theory. In their study 82 per cent of survivors blamed themselves for the abuse; this was mainly down to their feeling of guilt. 3. 4Emotional Discussion Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and guilt were identified as the emotional long term effects most commonly displayed in CSA survivors. The four effects highlighted are all issues of identity, confidence and self-worth. In addition to sexual abuse, it is likely the survivor may have undergone emotional abuse from the abuser. This can also contribute to the survivor’s lack of identity and confidence, (Campling 1993). Mollon (2005, cited in Sanderson 2006) states ‘an individual’s cohesive sense of self and core identity is like the individual’s ‘psychological clothes’, without which the individual is naked, exposed and vulnerable’. As impaired sense of self can lead to vulnerability, reoccurrence of abuse is possible thus the adult may come into contact with a social worker for example, rape or domestic violence. This would suggest that working with CSA survivors, social workers would not only need to have understanding of their signs and symptoms but the manner in which they are going to work with them. Social workers would need to carefully consider the most appropriate intervention when working with such service users as it is likely, survivors would be vulnerable. It is important for professionals not to impose their own views, but to empower survivors to define and build on their own sense of self, that is not dependent on external definitions, (Sanderson 2006). Depression and anxiety disorders are both mental health issues. This would need to be considered by the professional involved in the context of the intervention, as well as risk and safeguarding concerns. 3. 5Social The long-term effects of CSA may also extend beyond victims themselves to impact survivors’ interpersonal relations with significant individuals in their lives, (Dilillo 2001). Research and clinical observations have long suggested that CSA is associated with both initial and long term alterations in social functioning†, (Briere and Elliot 1994). Hall and Hall (2011) reported that symptoms correlated with childhood sexual abuse may hinder the development and growth of relationships therefore survivors may experience a variety of interpersonal effects. Mullen a nd Fleming (1999) state in circumstances when the survivors shared a close relationship with the abusers there impac t is likely to be more profound. Isolation is a social long term effect that survivors of CSA may suffer from. â€Å"It has been observed that sexually abused children tend to be less socially competent and more socially withdrawn than no abused children†, (Briere and Elliot 1994). This is echoed in Courtois (1979) study, findings showed that 73 per cent of sexually abused survivors expressed feelings of isolation and feelings of being different from others. Lew (1988 p. 54) reported that isolation in some cases was something that was learnt from the survivor’s hildhood experience. As a way of keeping the abuse a secret, isolation was often reinforced by the abuser. The lack of ability to trust in relationships has been identified in literature, and is considered a major and significant problem. Mullen and Fleming (1999) provided an explanation into why this might be the case, they stated fears of trust or establishing interpersonal boundaries could stem from the breach of trust and the exploration of vulnerability experienced in the abuse. From the findings gathered in her research, Alexander (1992) stated that the history of CSA was found to be related to insecure and disorganised attachments in adult life. Sanderson (2002, p63) applied the view that the experience of CSA created a fear of intimacy amongst survivors. As a direct response there is a constant search for numerous transient relationships, in preference to stable and constant relationships. Jehu et al (1985) research reflects the work of Sanderson, 77 per cent of their survivors reported that it was ‘dangerous to get close to anyone because they always betray, exploit or hurt you’. A small amount of research has demonstrated that adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse experience greater parental challenges than mothers with no history of abuse, (Dilillo 2001). Cohen (1995) conducted numerous investigations and found differences between abused and non-abused mothers in relation to their parenting skills. Women who had been abused performed less well on the all seven scales on the Parenting Skills Inventory, particularly in areas that assed role support, communication and role image. Van Scoyk et al (1991) provided an explanation into why previously abused parents lack particular parenting skills. They reported these individuals may possibly have inadequate opportunity to observe and learn from healthy, effective parenting models. However, Coleman and Widom (2004 cited in Brick 2005) disagreed with literature found and stated a history of CSA does not necessarily entail that one will have interpersonal dysfunction. In their study, they found amongst those who were abused about 40 per cent of females and 60 per cent of males were in long term relationships. In addition 90 per cent of participants did not commit infidelity with multiple partners. 3. 6Social Discussion Social workers must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users, (General Social Care Council, 2012). Research into the long term social effects has shown that, survivors of CSA could possibly have difficulties in building relationships. Therefore, this could have an impact on the working relationship between the survivor and social worker. Trust is an essential factor in building an effective rapport with service users, (Crowther and Cowen 2011). Given the nature of the trauma, disruptions may arise in the survivor’s sense of safety and ability to trust. For that reason, it is important that social workers are equipped with an understanding of how to build and maintain the trust of survivors, as this may differ from working with service users with no history of abuse. Effective training in this area could possibly avoid issues that may sabotage the working relationship between the social worker and survivor. Therefore, more specialist knowledge would be advantageous. Furthermore, the power dynamics of the relationship may well have an impact on the rapport between the survivor and social worker. Fear of authority could influence the survivor’s perception of social workers. As abusers of CSA are often authority figures who exert their power, survivors may learn to fear authoritative figures, (Croft 2008). The inability to grow and develop healthy relationships for some survivors could possibly raise safeguarding concerns. For example, such effect could perhaps interfere with the attachment between a parent and child, resulting to issues effecting parenting capacity. Dr John Bowlby, founder of the attachment theory believed the earliest bonds between a child and care-giver have a great impact on the child that continues throughout their life, (Cherry 2012). However, due to early experiences in their own childhood, parents may become over-protective in order to protect their child from experiencing the same traumas. Conversely in some cases, this could promote the opposite behaviour and the parent become under-protective as it is difficult to display affection and closeness. In either circumstance the child may experience difficulty in achieving and meeting their full potential, due to impaired or inadequate relationships with the parent. Social workers along with other working professionals have the statutory duty to protect children who are at risk. This is in accordance to section 47 of the Children’s Act 1989, (Northamptonshire Local Safeguarding Children Board 2012). Parenting capacity is one of the three domains for The Framework for assessment of children and families and is essential in securing the best outcomes for the child, (Parker and Bradley 2003, p. 19). Disruptive attachment can cause issues with the child’s emotional warmth, stimulation, guidance, boundaries and stability. 3. 7Behavioural According to Thompson (2012) it is possible that repressed or forgotten abuse may manifest itself in adult life by out-of-control behaviours which can lead to the abuse of self and/or others. According to research evidence, early sexual experiences often have an influence on later sexual behaviour, (Herman 1981, Randolph and Mosack 2006, Wooden 2010). Randolph and Mosack (2006) quoted â€Å"When early sexual experience is abusive, it can exert specific effects on subsequent sexual behaviours†. Findings from their research found that, survivors of CSA engaged in risky sexual behaviour at higher rates than individuals who had not experienced such abuse, (Randolph and Mosack 2006). A number of studies furthered Randolph and Mosack findings and reported that risky sexual behaviour in adults previously abused was exhibited in many forms; having many sexual partners, failing to use condoms during intercourse increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infections and having anal sex, (Batten et al, 2001, Wingood and DiClemente, 1997). Herman (1981, p. 84) research echoed these findings, within her sample of sexually abused survivors 35 per cent of the women had a ‘ repertoire of sexually styled behaviour’, it was found they behaved in such manner for attention and1 affection. Wooden, (2010) provided an explanation as to why some adults with a history of CSA may participate in risky sexual behaviour. He stated that sexual abuse could result in the abused to disregard their own humanity therefore, perform sexual acts in a more promiscuous way. Rape and Sexual abuse centre (2011) provided their account of why survivors take part in such behaviours; they stated that due to survivor’s childhood experience it was possible that they were incapable to separating sex from affection, which then leads to promiscuity or impaired arousal. Thompson (2012) also made a contribution and stated that sexual promiscuity was a way of the survivors taking control of their feelings. In contrast to the above findings, Fromuth (1983) found no significant difference between promiscuous behaviour and the previously abused women who participated in the research. Riley (2011, p. 127) stated that in some cases victims could take the opposite direction and avoid sex entirely. She stated that the abused may often refuse to take part in sexual activity to remain in control of their own body, unlike when they were abused against their will as a child. Krahe et al (1999) found that female survivors of CSA were at risk of suffering from abuse in later life. Moore and Long (2002) suggested that abuse could occur in the form of adult sexual assault, physical abuse or psychological maltreatment. They also stated that a number of factors could increase a woman’s vulnerability towards abuse; learned manipulative behaviour, beliefs and attitudes, low self-esteem and learned helplessness. Survivors of childhood sexual abuse may compulsively attach themselves to unsuitable partners, who frequently resemble their abuser, Sanderson (2002, p62). Russell (1986, p. 2) found that 65 per cent of participants from sexual abuse backgrounds were victims of subsequent or attempted rape, in comparison to 36 per cent of non-abused participants. In addition, her findings also displayed that an average of 43 per cent of women had been subjected to physical violence by husbands or partners compared with 18 per cent of the control group. Bauserman an d Davis (1996 cited in Randolph and Mosack 2006), concluded that the relationship between CSA and adult sexual behaviour may depend on whether the individuals viewed the early sexual experience in a positive or negative way. Research has highlighted another effect of childhood sexual abuse; self-destructive behavior. Van der Kolk et al (1991) quoted â€Å"childhood trauma such as sexual abuse contributes heavily to the initiation of self-destructive behaviour’†. Erdmans and Black (2008) noted the different forms of self-destructive behaviour; self-mutilation, alcohol abuse, eating disorders and in some cases suicide. Wonderlich et al (2001) believed that this behaviour is presented as a result to reduce emotional distress associated with their abuse. Hiebert-Murphy and Woytkiw, (2000) added self-destructive behaviour was a maladaptive coping strategy for managing negative- self direct feelings. The experience of being abused as a child may increase a person’s risk for alcohol-related problems as an adult, (Windom 1993). Scher ;amp; Twaite, (1999, cited in Lee et al 2008) explained survivors may turn to alcohol as a means to block out psychological pain as they dissociate from their traumatic memories. Evidence to support this view can be seen in Langeland and Hartgers (1998) study; they found a significantly higher prevalence of issues surrounding alcohol in abused women than in the non- abused women. A positive correlation was also identified in Peters (1984, cited in Sanderson 2006, P. 126) research, 17 per cent of participants subjected to sexual abuse during their childhood had symptoms of alcohol abuse, compared to 4 per cent of the control group. However, Fleming et al (1998) study displayed conflicting results. There was no relationship found between alcohol intake and a history of CSA. Fleming et al (1998) argued that, the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and the development of adult alcohol problems needed to be researched further, as there is a sufficient amount of evidence to suggest that CSA alone is not a causative factor in the development of alcohol abuse. Eating disorders is another form of self-destructive behaviour. Research indicates a possible relationship between sexual abuse and the development of an eating disorder, (Myers 2005). Nelson and Hampson (2008) suggested a significant number of survivors have issues with food for a variety of reasons; determination to exercise control over their lives, self-hatred, reactions to oral assault, self -comfort in compulsive eating and in extreme cases sometimes the eating disorder is adopted as a wish to die. Johnson et al (2002 cited in Sanci et al 2008), conducted a longitudinal study among 782 participants and found that CSA was a risk factor for eating disorders in early adulthood. Oppenheimer et al (1986) found that women with anorexia and bulimia also reported a high incidence of childhood sexual abuse. Sanci et al (2008) reported discrepant findings, as some studies found that CSA was no more prevalent in females that were not subjected to such abuse. Another form of self-destructive behaviour that could possibly manifest into adulthood as a result of CSA is self injurious behaviour (Briere and Elliot, 1994 and Mundy, 2010) Klonsky and Moyer (2008) defined self injurious behaviour as ‘the causing of intentional, direct damage to one’s body tissue without suicidal intent’. Self injurious behaviour can be displayed in many forms such as cutting, burning or bruising, (Mundy 2010). Briere and Elliot, (1994) reported in their research, that self injurious behaviour is aimed to reduce the psychic tension associated with extremely negative guilt, intense depersonalization and feelings of helplessness. Similar to CSA, self injurious behaviour is often a source of humiliation and shame and grows in secrecy, (Mundy 2010). The pleasure gained from self injurious is not so much the inflicting of physical pain, but the cessation of emotional pain, Mundy 2010). Findings to support the view that individuals from a sexually abused background are likely to conduct self injurious behaviour can found in Gibson and Crenshaw (2010) research, a sample of individuals with self injurious behaviour took part in study and it was found that, 93 per cent of participants reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. The study also identified the more severe, the longer the durati on of the abuse or the more frequent the abuse took place the greater the risk of engaging in self injurious behaviour during their adult life. Briere (1984) also provides findings to support this view; it was found during his community study that 31 per cent of survivors expressed a desire to harm themselves, in comparison to 19 per cent of the non-survivors. 3. 8Behavioural Discussion The long term behavioural effects of CSA can raise safeguarding issues as such behaviours can cause significant harm to the survivor as well as the risk of others. Social work is a profession that works with a wide range of individuals in a number of different situations and settings. Alcohol and Drugs are related to a number of issues involving social services. Goodman (2009, p. ) quoted ‘clients will bring with them multiplicity of concerns; relationship issues, financial problems, housing, risk of offending, health (physical and mental) and behaviour problems. For this reason, it is imperative that CSA knowledge is not limited to social workers in the child protection field. However, it should be extended across the board, as the lon g term effects of CSA can present themselves in different situations. Chapter Four 4. 0Discussion The primary aim of the dissertation was to gain an understanding of the long term effects of CSA in three different domains; social, emotional and behavioural. A review of research suggest that although, there is existing evidence to indicate that survivors of CSA are likely to experience lasting effects in adulthood, findings are inconsistent and further research is required. The inconsistency within the results across all domains, has led me to conclude that CSA is in fact a risk factor, rather than a sole cause of the long term effects. When reviewing the literature, a number of CSA authors were in disagreement of the association between CSA and the long term effects in the different domains. Sharland et al (1996, p. 5) states that evidence supporting the effects of child sexual abuse can not be viewed as reliable as most of the evidence has been anecdotal, or based on unrepresentative or small samples. For this reason, it is not always clear to what extent a given study has identified the unique effects of CSA, (Briere and Elliot 1994). According to Ferguson (1997) ‘a well designed and controlled study following the child victims of CSA into adulthood, would enable the effects of such abuse to be monitored and allow data on possible confounding variables to be collected’. Unfortunately not only will this be expensive but also time consuming, thus as previously discussed in the literature review it is important to note that undertaking research in sensitive topics such as CSA can be difficult, and as a result is likely to be restricted. With respect to the literature, patterns emerged in relation to the period the research was published. Majority of the CSA research was carried out in the late 1980’s and 1990’s. Although up-to-date statistics on the prevalence of CSA were referred to, current studies relating to the effects of CSA were limited. The sudden rise in research can be linked with the increased awareness and concern of CSA at the time. â€Å"†¦ it was not until the 1980’s that the existence of CSA, in particular, fully entered the public consciousness†, (Pence and Wilson 1994). The lack of recent research may lead me to believe that society still views CSA as a taboo and unpalatable. It is also possible to propose that other types of sexual abuse have diverted the attention away from CSA. For example, sexual exploitation has recently received a great deal of public attention. In a recent report Barnardos (2012) stated that, child sexual exploitation has become a major child protection issue for communities across the UK. As a result of the increase of interest in the other forms of sexual abuse, CSA has been overlooked. The leading writers in the subject appear to be John Briere and David Finkelhor. Both authors published their research between the period of 1980 and 1990. I found that whilst gathering literature for my review I commonly came across both authors, also many other authors commonly referred to their work. Briere’s focused his work on all forms of child abuse and how the abuse affects the survivor’s psychosocial functioning as an adult, (Goldstien 1992). Finkelhor is best known for his conceptual and empirical research on child sexual abuse this is reflected in his publications, (Durham 2006). The most common long term effect highlighted in the literature was depression. Research illustrates, of all the long term effects depression is the most frequently reported symptom amongst CSA survivors, (Briere and Elliot 1994, Sanderson 2002, Lanktree et al 1991). A plausible explanation to why depression is reported as the most frequent effect, can be due to the fact survivors are more likely to seek medical help for this effect in comparison to effects such as guilt or self-injurious behaviour. A number of survivors of CSA who visit their doctors are acutely distressed and depressed, (Mammen and Oisen 1996). Chapter Five 5. 0Conclusion/Recommendations The study demonstrates that the relationship between long term effects in the three domains; emotional, social, behavioural and the history of CSA abuse is inclusive. Therefore, the inconsistency of findings suggests that CSA can be viewed as a risk factor as opposed to a cause for the wide range of long term effects amongst survivors of CSA. Despite the increase in research, further research is required to enable a more in-depth understanding of the long term effects with a more representative sample of survivors. As literature gathered mainly focused on female survivors, results cannot be generalised. With the purpose of improving the quality of professional’s intervention as well as relevant strategies being developed to support survivors. Having undertaken secondary research on the long term effects of CSA, I would recommend that social workers and related practitioners not just in the child protection field but across all sectors have more adequate training in identifying survivors of CSA to ensure they can provide the appropriate care, treatment, support, and also more awareness on effectively handling disclosures. The outcome of this could possibly increase the numbers of disclosures made and may also prevent survivors of CSA suffering in silence. Personally and professionally, I have successfully gained a better understanding on the journey a number of individuals may experience as a survivor of CSA. Although as a survivor of such abuse, prior to conducting the research I was conscious of some of the effects present however, was not fully aware of the severity and the significant implications such abuse had on not only the life of the survivor, but also on other significant individuals in their lives. I believe having such knowledge will have a positive impact on both my personal and professional development as a social worker. Before undertaking the research, I was always reluctant to speak about my experience of CSA; I tended to repress my memories as a way of coping with the abuse. However, increasing my awareness on the topic I believe, has given me the confidence to feel comfortable within myself to openly disclose my past. The research has allowed me to understand that in fact, sexual abuse effects continue long after the abuse stops. I am now able to identify that many of my current issues stem from my history of abuse; as a result a sense of self-blame has been removed.